I don’t know enough about Debian to be much help, but the error seems to be a rather generic Windows one. Can you download an SSH terminal app on to a phone or another computer and try logging in that way? That would at least narrow down whether it’s a ProFTP problem or a Windows problem.
Or maybe delete the key from Filezilla, restart it, and try again.
Also, dumb question, but is it possible the firewall locked you out due to the “failed” FTP logins?
It does not only happen on Windows with FilleZilla, it concerns all sorts of users connectinf themselves in differents ways and on several different servers … and it happened at once after the ProFTPd’s update.
Moreover, whenerver I downgrade ProFTPd to the previous version, everything works like a charm again…